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SDG 14 establishes a framework to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems and a foundation for better integration of international science and environmental governance. Box 1. This will require quality, accessible and timely data collection and strengthened cooperation among UN agencies and Member States.
To this end, the GOSR is framed around the contribution of ocean science to sustainable development concepts. However, there has been no global mechanism for assessing and reporting the level of capacity, investments, performance and needs of nations in ocean science, observation and services. The feasibility of, and demand for, similar global mechanisms has been shown by ongoing national and international initiatives.
The ambitious goal of the GOSR is to present an overview of ocean science capacity that exists worldwide, including existing physical infrastructure and facilities, human resources, financial investments, scientific productivity and scientific collaboration at national and international levels.
Deliver an overview of where and by whom ocean science is conducted, as well as its quality and impact on national and international governance; II.
Deliver a global overview of performance on key fields of research regarding sustainable development and blue growth. By highlighting patterns in the production of ocean science and the organization of scientific collaboration, the GOSR provides a basis to understand and promote knowledge sharing and dissemination, illustrate the benefits of international collaboration and identify opportunities for international collaboration to address ocean challenges more effectively.
The use of scientific methods in the evaluation and presentation of results was a guiding principle during the preparation of the report.
The GOSR findings and assessments were made based on relevant data and objective information. A holistic and balanced approach to scientific input and stakeholder participation was fostered to avoid bias in the analysis of data. The vast scale of the global ocean and the complexity of scientific and policy challenges to achieve sustainable development demands international collaboration.
Ocean scientists have a long tradition of working with colleagues across national borders to advance understanding and management of the global ocean commons. The report offers decision-makers an unprecedented tool to identify gaps and opportunities to advance international collaboration in ocean science and technology and harness its potential to meet societal needs, address global challenges and drive sustainable development for all. Ottawa, Council of Canadian Academies. European Commission.
Global Governance of Science. Herman, R. Compendium for Coast and Sea integrating knowledge on the socio-economic, environmental and institutional aspects of the Coast and Sea in Flanders and Belgium. Lescrauwaet, H. Pirlet, T. Verleye, J. Mees and R. Herman eds , Marine research.
Ostend, Belgium, pp. Main Science and Technology Indicators. Paris, OECD. Ostrom, E. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Royal Society. Knowledge, networks and nations: Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century. London, Royal Society. Transforming our world: the Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. Definitions, data collection and data analysis.
Preparation process A suite of complementary approaches and methods was used to underpin the information presented and discussed in the Global Ocean Science Report GOSR. The chosen methodologies allow information to be captured about different aspects of ocean science, including research funding, human and technical capacities and outputs e.
A variety of open source and quality-controlled resources, together with targeted surveys, were used to collect the data and information that provide the foundation for this report. The GOSR combines quantitative data such as the number of peer- reviewed publications, research vessels and the extent of national funding with qualitative data, e. This kind of analysis allows to put ocean science in a broader perspective.
Cross-references between independent quantitative indicators as provided in Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6, based on the methodology described in this chapter, and findings from Chapters 7 and 8, help the reader to navigate through the report. Data compilation tools include: 1 tailored questionnaires; 2 peer-reviewed literature, national reports, web-based sources; and 3 bibliometrics based on international literature databases Section 2. Access to some types of quantitative measurements is limited or unavailable.
Currently, national reporting mechanisms to obtain the type of information requested in the GOSR questionnaire Annex D are often not in place. By adopting a standardized approach as developed in the first edition of this report, an important step is made towards systematic reporting on global ocean science. The Editorial Board served as an external and independent international panel of ocean science experts with experience in science diplomacy, statistics, and assessments and evaluation.
The Editorial Board gave advice on the structure and content, drafted chapters and reviewed parts of the report. The main tasks of the Editorial Board were to: I.
Provide continued guidance for the successful publication of the first edition of the GOSR. Encourage Member States to provide relevant data and information. Identify appropriate methods of accessing relevant information. Contribute as co-authors to the drafting process of the different chapters. Actively promote the report to potential users and stakeholders. Establish liaisons with international organizations, conventions and panels with interest in the report and which will benefit from the published results.
In the context of the IOC governing body mechanism, in , an ad hoc IOC group of experts Methodological Expert Group, and the Editorial Board of the GOSR agreed to focus certain parts of the analysis on eight major categories recognized as high-level themes in national and international ocean research strategies and policies Figure 2.
These categories cover integrative, interdisciplinary and strategic ocean research areas. Marine ecosystems functions and processes O ce an o bs er va ti on a nd m ar in e da ta Ocean and climate Ocean health Human health and well-being Blue growth Ocean crust and marine geohazards Ocean technology Figure 2. Ocean science categories considered in the GOSR. Marine ecosystem functions include biogeochemical, chemical, physical and biological processes.
They are characterized by nutrient cycles, energy flow, exchanges of material, as well as trophic dynamics and structure. All these processes are marked by a variability in — and diversity of — natural dynamics, including seasonal, temporal and spatial differences and perturbations. The report comprises the following topics under Marine ecosystems functions and processes: biodiversity; physical setting; primary production; consumption; sedimentation; respiration; aerobic and anaerobic processes across the different trophic levels; biological pump, etc.
Ocean and climate: This category refers to research on the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere to provide better predictions of reciprocal changes in the ocean and climate system.
The ocean and climate category comprises the following topics: palaeoceanography; ocean warming; ocean acidification; deoxygenation; sea-level rise; changes in ocean circulation and air-sea interaction, etc.
Ocean health: This category refers to research covering the condition of the marine environment from the perspective of adverse and cumulative effects caused by anthropogenic activities, in particular, changes in biodiversity, genetic diversity, phenotypic plasticity, habitat loss and alteration in ecosystem structure and processes.
Ocean health comprises studies 1 The Editorial Board did not include members with specific expertise in humanities or social sciences. Human health and well-being: This category includes research on the relationship between the ocean and human health and well-being. Human health and well-being covers physical and social studies on provision of marine ecosystem services, in particular food security as well as recreation, harmful algae blooms, and human-related social, educational and aesthetic values, etc.
Blue growth: This category refers to the research on — and in support of — sustainable use of marine resources, including the research on economically important species with regard to food security fisheries and aquaculture. Blue growth further covers studies on the utilization of new energy resources in the ocean and marine bio-resources, as well as clean technologies, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and desalination, etc.
Ocean technology: Research related to marine innovation and the design and development of equipment and systems for marine science and industries. This category covers studies on marine engineering, such as the development of marine energy solutions, satellites and remote-sensing techniques, Remotely Operated Vehicles ROV , gliders, floats, sensors, new measurement devices and techniques, etc. Ocean observation and marine data: This category is relevant for all categories of ocean science.
It includes the collection, management, dissemination and use of marine data and information to create knowledge on the seas and ocean. This cross-cutting category underpins all marine and maritime activities, in particular marine scientific research.
However, it also covers studies on — and development of — marine data platforms, marine databases, data reporting and management activities. The eight ocean science categories were used to obtain bibliometric data to enable an analysis of ocean science performance Chapter 5. According to the definition of the category, a set of keywords was selected.
Classification of ocean science research fields In order to facilitate the data acquisition on the research facilities, equipment and human resources, three categories of ocean research fields were defined in the GOSR questionnaire for subsequent analysis Section 2. Fisheries: Research related to marine fisheries, mariculture open ocean and aquaculture coastal and indoor.
Observations: Ocean science related to coastal and open ocean monitoring, data repositories, measurements to track harmful algal blooms and pollution, satellite measurements, buoys and moorings. Data resources and analysis 2. The survey was developed and reviewed in consultation with representatives of Member States in a working group.
This survey collected core data and information to assess indicators and evidence to assess national capacity, progress and challenges for ocean science.
National coordinating bodies for liaison with IOC ensured coordination with the community of marine scientists and institutions in their respective countries and submitted data from January until November In total, the questionnaire compiled information on 41 items, which were grouped under 8 themes in a quantitative section from A to G and a non-quantitative section H Annex D.
Some cross-cutting questions address several chapters of the report: a. The quantitative section A-G addressed information related to human and technical capacity available in each country. The non-quantitative section H addressed national ocean science strategies and challenges encountered in order to conduct ocean science, as well as national recommendations and ocean science needs. On average, the countries answered More detail on the proportion of answers received for each theme is provided in Figure 2.
Most of the data requested in the questionnaire cover the period — The information provided was partly verified with the national focal points, to address individual inconsistencies, and analysed subsequently.
Analysing additional sources, e. Some of the data presented in Chapter 6 Oceanographic data, information management and exchange is based on the data obtained from an additional online survey carried out between 24 June and 19 September by the IOC International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange IODE Programme among national coordinators for data management, national coordinators for marine information management and Associate Data Unit contact points.
The analysis of responses to the questionnaire was conducted within certain limitations. In particular, the qualitative questions are at risk of being influenced by subjective perceptions. Global map indicating the Member States that responded to the questionnaire blue.
Non-quantitative information G. Sustainable development F. Regionally and globally supporting organizations on ocean science E. Capacity-building and transfer of technology D. Oceanographic data and information exchange C. Research capacity and infrastructure B. Research investment A. Bibliometric data Bibliometrics refers to the study of patterns in a collection of scientific publications in a literature database — namely peer-reviewed articles in academic journals Pritchard, Bibliometric analysis uses a standardized method to compare the publication output of entities such as countries and research institutions.
As a measure of output, bibliometric indicators are a proxy measurement of overall research productivity. This study, presented in Chapter 5, does not intend to conduct a qualitative evaluation of ocean science between countries, but presents the information required for an overview of ocean science productivity across its scientific categories at the global level. They allow the comparison of ocean science output of single countries to each other.
The analysis is also used to describe patterns of collaboration and output of organizations. The bibliometric datasets were provided by Science-Metrix. However, to be as inclusive as possible, the analysis was supplemented by articles in other science journals. In total 16, journals, captured by queries using more than 1, search terms, were included in the analysis, comprising more than , articles.
The Editorial Board acknowledges that collaboration may take many forms other than co-authorship, including the organization of conferences and meetings, joint experiments, sharing data, and other activities not captured by bibliometric data. The quality of the datasets was validated with precision and recall tests.
When deemed necessary, the keywords were revisited, modified and complemented, and new iterations on precision and recall tests were conducted. In the full-counting method, each paper is counted once for each entity e. For example, if a paper is authored by two researchers from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, one from the Chinese Academy for Science and one from the Xiamen University, the paper is counted — at the institutional level — once for NOAA, once for the Chinese Academy for Science, once for the Xiamen University, once for the United States and once for China at the country level.
Average of relative citations ARC : This is an indicator of the scientific impact of papers produced by a given entity e. All the citations received by each publication are counted for the year in which it was published and for all the following years up to the most recent publications indexed in the database.
For example, for papers published in , citations received in , , , and are counted in this analysis. To account for different citation patterns across categories of science e. When the ARC is above one, it means that an entity scores better than the world average; when it is below one, it means that an entity publishes papers that are not cited as often as the world average. Science-Metrix considers that an entity must have at least 30 publications with a valid RC score in order for the ARC to be calculated, as this can otherwise lead to unreliable results.
In this study, Science-Metrix computes and uses a symmetric IF based on the document types that are used throughout the report for producing bibliometric data. The IF of publications is calculated by ascribing to them the IF of the journal in which they are published, for the year in which they are published.
Subsequently, to account for different citation patterns across fields and subfields of science e. In this study, the IF of a journal is computed over five years. For example, in , the IF of a journal would be equal to the number of citations to articles published in 8 , 15 , 9 , 5 and 13 divided by the number of articles published in 15 , 23 , 12 , 10 and 16 i.
Science-Metrix considers that an entity must have at least 30 publications with a valid RIF score in order for the ARIF to be calculated, as this can otherwise lead to unreliable results. In other words, when an institution is specialized in a field, it places more emphasis on that field at the expense of other research areas.
In this study, two references have been used: the world in all science and the world in ocean science only. Using the latter reference will give specialization centred around ocean science. The publication of scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals is the cornerstone of research dissemination in ocean science.
Therefore, the different bibliometric indices can be used as proxies for research activity. Secondly, bibliometric analyses are able to provide information about research productivity i. When used appropriately, citation-based indicators can be valid measurements to discuss the impacts of scientific output.
The limitations of bibliometric analyses fall into three main categories. Firstly, all bibliometric indicators are based on one type of research output, namely peer-reviewed articles published in journals. Other forms of research output, which may or may not be peer-reviewed, such as patents, conference presentations, national reports and technical series, are not taken into account. Secondly, the results of bibliometric analyses are influenced by the choice of the classification system ocean science divided into eight major categories applied by the report and by the database used in this case: WoS — Thomson Reuters.
As mentioned, additional journals were identified and included in the analysis to account for the multidisciplinary nature of ocean science and address this limitation. In addition, articles that are not written in English, or at least have an English abstract, are not included in the database and are therefore not part of this study. Thirdly, bibliometric indicators are also sensitive to the time periods under consideration.
Older papers are naturally more cited than recent publications. These effects are minimized by standardized citation metrics relative to average citations for papers of the same type, the same year, with the same specialty. In addition, new investments in ocean science are not directly echoed in the scientific output, as fieldwork, analysis and publication require a few years before being properly reflected in the bibliometric analysis.
Additional resources In addition to the questionnaire and the data provided by Science-Metrix, supplementary resources were used to improve the data sets available for the analysis within the report. Further information was obtained from published resources, e. The relevant references are acknowledged in each chapter.
Resources assessing and reviewing the national human capacities in ocean science are scarce. This and the limited information provided through the questionnaire resulted in a need to obtain additional data documenting, for instance, gender equality among researchers in ocean science in a different way Chapter 3.
The criteria for international conferences to be included in this assessment are: 1. Minimum of 50 participants from at least 10 different countries attended; 2. Open registration process. Marine stations as used in the context of the report are defined as field stations where scientific research and observation of marine organisms, ecosystems and environments are carried out. Marine stations vary in size, infrastructure and of course the marine environment that they are placed in or close to.
They are further categorized as field stations, large or small, located near the coastline with at least one permanent member of staff. Besides their importance for ocean science, marine stations can also contribute to education, conservation and outreach activities related to the coast and its ecosystems.
A variety of organizations can manage marine stations, including national and local government, public or private universities, private companies or foundations. Parameters for normalization In order to normalize data, improve comparability and allow benchmarking between different countries, some parameters were introduced to put absolute numbers of certain parameters e.
Gross Domestic Product4 GDP : Sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy, including distributive trades and transport, plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is the primary indicator used to gauge the health and size of a national economy. Data obtained from Eurostat are based on the Eurostat Science and Technology database, as of April Visualization Data visualization helps to communicate often complex information in a clear and effective way via statistical graphics, plots and information graphics.
It enables the audience to see visual representations of analyses, facilitates the understanding of data sets and possibly enables the identification of new patterns. Positional analysis: Positional analysis graphs visualize the composite performance of institutions Figure 2. They assist in the interpretation of the strengths and weaknesses of an institution through the use of several separate indicators.
These graphical representations logically combine three of the previously mentioned indicators number of papers, SI and ARC. The position of an entity in one of four quadrants can therefore be interpreted as follows: Quadrant 1: Located at the top right of the graph. Entities in this quadrant specialize in the given domain and their activities have a high impact, meaning that their papers are more frequently cited than the world average in this domain.
Quadrant 3: Located at the bottom left of the graph, institutions positioned in this quadrant showed an intensity of activity and its impact below the world average in the domain. Quadrant 4: Located at the bottom right of the graph, this quadrant signals specialization in the domain, whereas output impact is below the world average.
Collaboration network: This illustrates the collaborations between authors from different entities country, institution, etc. Collaborations are computed in full counting. For example, for a paper authored by two researchers from University A, one author from University B and one author from University C, only one collaboration will be counted for the pair A-B and one collaboration for the pair University of A-C, as well as B-C.
The width of the ties between entities is proportional to the number of collaborations between the two entities and the size area of the bubbles representing each entity is proportional to the number of articles published by the entity. The spatial arrangement of the network is a function of the number of collaborators and the collaboration intensity the more entities collaborate together, the more they will be clustered.
In this study, the top 40 most publishing countries in each category are used for country networks and the top 40 most publishing institutions in each pillar were selected for institution networks. Diffusion cartogram: Diffusion cartograms are used to illustrate the scientific output with regard to the geographical extent of the countries Chapter 5, Figure 5. The applied diffusion-based method allows the creation of different density- equalizing maps. The method starts with an inhomogeneous distribution of the research contribution citations, number of publications and the following diffusion process evolves until a homogeneous equilibrium state is reached.
The displacements are then reinterpreted to generate the cartogram Gastner and Newman, Choropleth map: A choropleth map is a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map. The choropleth map provides an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies across a geographic area or it shows the level of variability within a region.
African innovation outlook Council of Canadian Academies. Ocean science in Canada: meeting the challenge, seizing the opportunity. Gastner, M. Diffusion based method for producing density equalizing maps. Pretoria, NPCA.
Frascati Manual Guidelines for collecting and reporting data on research and experimental development, the measurement of scientific, technological and innovation activities. Statistical bibliography or bibliometrics? Journal of Documentation, 25 4 : Sarmiento, J.
Carbon biogeochemistry and climate change. Photosynthesis Research, Vol. Ocean carbon pumps: analysis of relative strengths and efficiencies in ocean-driven atmospheric CO2 changes. Sundquist, E. Research capacity and infrastructure.
This can be specific to ocean science but is often in a broader context of high-level general policy settings in a region and internationally. The institutional architecture of the ocean science and technology system and the factors of production are the foundation for successful and competitive marine research. This chapter examines global ocean science capacity, including human resources for ocean science, national ocean science research institutions, related field stations, research vessels and some specialized technical infrastructure.
Human resources Human resources in ocean science are recruited based on a broad range of criteria, including motivation, knowledge, experience, skills and a curiosity to improve knowledge of the ocean and related processes. Though all these criteria are important in understanding the current state of human resources in ocean science, limited information prevents a comprehensive analysis on training, education level, experience and skills.
This section examines the number of employees, gender equality and age distribution in ocean science. Table 3. The total number of ocean science personnel ranges from 55 in Angola up to 38, in China Table 3. However, it has to be highlighted that some of the records herein only represent rough estimates e. Also, some data are given as numbers of researchers with no breakdown for technical support staff.
This illustrates the difficulty in comparing ocean science human resources across countries. There are variations among the countries; Norway has a strikingly high number with researchers per million inhabitants, followed by Belgium with 74, while other countries show much lower numbers of researchers per million inhabitants, ranging from 33 to less than 1.
Differences in population density, length of coastline and economic importance of marine resources can be assumed to influence the results. Data on human resources are particularly scarce for Small Island Developing States SIDS , this is likely due to human resource and financial constraints required for generating the information.
Average national ocean science researchers Headcount – HC employed per million inhabitants — Distribution of age among ocean science researchers A subset of countries also provided information regarding the age of the employed ocean science researchers Figure 3. On the one hand, previous capacity-building efforts in developing countries presumably resulted in a comparably young researcher community in less developed countries, including Benin, Mauritius, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago.
Research vessels are an essential component of ocean research infrastructure as they provide access to both the open ocean and coastal areas. Evolving science needs, cost pressures and newer technologies, such as advances in autonomous underwater vehicles AUVs and remotely operated vehicles ROVs , have changed ocean science infrastructure.
However, this has not lessened the reliance on well-equipped ships. In fact, research vessels are fundamental to deploy and recover new observing technologies and to explore the vast areas of the ocean poorly observed to date. Determining how to size the fleet e. Research vessels and ships partly used for ocean science Information about research vessels was provided by 30 countries via the GOSR questionnaire.
A total number of vessels was reported, which cover research vessels mainly used for ocean science and 46 vessels partly used for ocean science Figure 3. The total number for the top ten countries is higher than for all other countries combined vessels. Germany maintains the largest number of devices items followed by the Republic of Korea , Turkey 93 , Canada 87 and India Moorings and buoys Moorings and buoys are important to gather data on the state of the global ocean by providing continuous measurements of physical and chemical parameters.
It coordinates the operation of surface drifting buoys and tropical moored arrays. Number of days per year of research conducted from research vessels for national left panel and international right panel investigation by country , or the last year with available data.
Source: GOSR questionnaire, These buoys measure a number of atmospheric parameters air pressure, air temperature, winds, waves, humidity as well as sea surface SST and subsurface parameters subsurface currents, subsurface salinity, etc. In their normal operation mode these buoys measure water column height. Argo is a model on how to share ocean science infrastructure. It has offered new ideas on i how to collaborate internationally, ii how to develop a data management system, and iii how to change the way scientists think about collecting data.
Deployments began in and continue today at the rate of about per year. National contributions of floats to the Argo array vary from a single float e. A primary focus of Argo is to document seasonal to decadal climate variability and to improve the predictability. A remotely operated vehicle ROV is an unoccupied underwater robot that is connected to a ship by a series of cables.
These cables transmit command and control signals between the operator and the ROV, allowing remote navigation of the vehicle. A ROV may include a video camera, lights, sonar systems and an articulating arm. The articulating arm is used for retrieving small objects or samples, cutting lines or attaching lifting hooks to larger objects. An autonomous unmanned underwater vehicle AUV , commonly known as an unmanned underwater vehicle, is one of the technologies that can be used for underwater survey missions such as detecting and mapping submerged wrecks, rocks and obstructions that may be hazardous to navigation for commercial and recreational vessels.
GTS data as received by Meteo France. Map by operating country. When a mission is complete, the AUV will return to a pre-programmed location where the data can be downloaded and processed. An AUV operates independently from the ship and has no connecting cables, whereas ROVs are connected to an operator on the ship.
Since gliders require little or no human assistance while travelling, these little robots are uniquely suited for collecting data in remote locations, safely and at relatively low cost. Gliders may be equipped with a wide variety of sensors to monitor temperature, salinity, currents and other ocean conditions. CHINA !. INDIA !. ITALY 68! JAPAN !. KENYA 1!. PERU 3! SPAIN 7! UK ! USA Generated by www.
Map indicating the location of operational Argo floats in March data distributed within the last 30 days and list of national contributions. During the past decade, the research application of AUVs has increased greatly, due to their unique capacity to carry sensors, such as for ocean acidification measurements and for characterizing carbon and nutrient cycles. The widespread application of unstaffed platforms is transforming oceanographic infrastructure.
AUVs, including instrumented sea animals and gliders, are ideal platforms to use the newly developed small, low-power sensors for monitoring physical, chemical and biological indicators of dynamic variability and ecosystem variations in coastal and island settings. Sustained ship-based measurements Ocean time series measurements, in particular ship-based repeat measurements, are a type of observation method considered indispensable for helping to answer emerging scientific questions in ocean science and improving decision- making in ocean and coastal management Edwards et al.
They make it possible to detect ecosystem variability and change. This compilation takes into account two types of ship-based time series. The second type of sampling to obtain data regarding the plankton community was conducted with a continuous plankton recorder CPR , using an automated sampler and not individual net tows to preserve the plankton community. Figure 3. Haun will need to keep bringing in top talent in order to navigate the increasingly competitive market for crypto investing.
As crypto expands globally, so do its challenges and controversies. Last year, China made waves when it banned cryptocurrencies , and other countries have restricted their use over fears that they could disrupt national control of existing monetary systems. This issue was front and center at a U. House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee hearing on Jan. And there are growing concerns within the crypto community that power is being pooled by an elite few, specifically the biggest startups, flush with cash from VCs.
Andreessen, true to form, even blocked another techie, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey , after the two publicly beefed over whether crypto companies were truly decentralized or centralized. Haun is taking a more diplomatic approach. But despite her engagement with critics, Haun says she has no qualms about crypto living up to its hype. Meanwhile, there are more pressing concerns. Unlike traditional VC investments, which take equity in exchange for cash, many crypto investors take so-called tokens as part of their stake.
Essentially digital securities stored on a blockchain, these tokens face the same intense volatility as the broader cryptocurrency market. And when I decided to spin off it was a hell yes. And many other moments in my legal career before that. And I know it was the right decision. He is CEO of Jigsaw. Haun has invested in some of the fastest-growing and most promising startups in crypto. But the sector is so young that it has yet to crown many winners—or dethrone its losers.
The move ultimately led to her joining a16z, which was an early investor in the cryptocurrency exchange platform. Her new venture is on track to be the biggest Web3 fund raised by a solo female VC. BY Michal Lev-Ram. Haun says her seven-person firm is already punching above its weight. Send surprising simulation campaigns in a continuous cycle.
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